Vitamin A is indispensable for normal growth, maintenance of healthy epithelial tissues, night vision, embryonal development, and reproduction. Vitamin A deficiency may result in reduced feed intake, growth retardation, edema, lacrimation, xerophthalmia, night blindness, disturbances in reproduction and congenital abnormalities, hyperkeratosis, and opacity of the cornea, raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure, and susceptibility to infections.
Vitamin D has an essential role in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Vitamin D deficiency may lead to rickets in young animals and osteomalacia in adults.
Vitamin E has antioxidant functions and is involved in the protection against peroxidative deterioration of polyunsaturated phospholipids in cellular membranes. Vitamin E deficiency may result in muscular dystrophy, exudative diathesis in chicks, and reproduction disorders.
Vitamin C plays a basic role in antibody synthesis, and it is essential in hemopoiesis.
Vitamin K3 Helps in changing prothrombin into thrombin, so it prevents haemorrhagia. Vitamin K assists the animal in counteracting intestinal hemorrhages and lesions caused directly by the pathogen or the parasite.